The present study has been done to predict Young early maladaptive schemas through parenting styles (root development). To this end, 357 undergraduate students were selected by random cluster sampling and two Young short forms inventory of Parenting Styles (YPI) and short form inventory of Schema (SQSF) were filled by subjects. Analysis of results, using regression analysis showed that parenting styles (roots development) are significant predictors for early maladaptive schemas (P<.001).

Objectives: Early maladaptive schemas are valid representations of unpleasant childhood experiences that shape a person’s viewpoints of the world, and lead to clinical symptoms such as depression, personality disorders, and substance abuse. Given the importance of this matter, we conducted a research on early maladaptive schemas in substance-abusers, to allow more appropriate preventive measures to be taken with a better understanding of the issue.Methods: For this descriptive-comparative study, 115 patients (91 opiate users and 24 stimulant users) visiting drug addiction treatment centers were selected through convenience sampling from persons who were admitted to substance abuse treatment centers (Methadone Maintenance therapy centers), addiction treatment camps and self-help groups and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) of Yasuj. Data were collected using a Demographic Information Questionnaire and Young’s Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (SQSF). Data analysis was done with ANOVA and t-tests.Results: The results showed a significant difference (P<0.05) between users of opiates and stimulants in terms of vulnerability to harm or illness, enmeshment, subjugation, emotional inhibition, entitlement, insufficient self-control/self-discipline, emotional deprivation, social isolation, defectiveness, failure/shame, and dependence. The average score of the stimulant-users was higher than that of opiateusers in all the schemas except for the dimensions of abandonment, mistrust, and unrelenting standards.Discussion: Stimulant users have more early maladaptive schemas and are at a greater risk of psychological vulnerability. Early maladaptive schemas can be used by clinicians and researchers as a psychopathology and treatment method for substance dependence disorder.

Objectives: The present study was carried out to assess early maladaptive schemas (EMS) and schema domains in a sample of sexual offenders. Method: The subjects were divided into two groups of 34 (one group of sexual offenders and one group of normal individuals). The sample of sexual offenders was randomly selected from among Mashad prison inmates convicted of rape. Normal subjects who were selected according to GSI score in SCL-90-R were matched by age, marital status, occupation and education with the first group. The data were collected by Young Schema Questionnaire- Short Form (YSQ-SF) and were analyzed via t-test. Also, SCL-90-R was used for screening the normal group. Results: The mean score of early maladaptive schemas as well as the schema domains of sexual offenders were significantly higher than those of normal individuals (p<0.05). This discrepancy was mostly evident in vulnerability to harm or illness, subjugation, defectiveness/ shame; dependenc/ incompetence, entitlement/ grandiosity early maladaptive schemas and disconnection and rejection, Impaired autonomy and performance schema domain. There was no significant difference in self-sacrifice maladaptive schema (p<0.05). Conclusion: High scores in early maladaptive schema especially in disconnection/rejection and impaired autonomy/ performance schema domain could lead to the tendency to commit sexual offenses and rape.

Background: The purpose of the present study was to determine the dominant schemas and comparison of early maladaptive schemas in borderline personality disorders patients and normal individuals.Methods: In this cross sectional study, 90 borderline personality disorders patients & normal individuals have been chosen (45 in each group). Collecting information tool was the short form of the Young Schema Questionnaire and Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. After collecting information, data were analyzed using chi-square and independent T-test.Findings: Our findings indicated that there is a significant difference between early maladaptive schemas in borderline personality disorders patients and normal individuals. Also, The borderline personality disorders group had significantly higher scores on most maladaptive schemas with the Disconnection and Rejection, Impaired Autonomy, Impaired Limits (P<0.001), Other- Directedness (P=0.03) and Over- Vigilance (P=0.001) as compared to the control group.Conclusion: This study showed that the early maladaptive schemas are inefficient on the borderline personality disorders patients. With the identification early maladaptive schemas before getting a borderline personality disorder and Measurement of the schemas, can be done an appropriate intervention strategies to reduce the scheme.

Background and Purpose: The process of child’s development is influenced by interaction of biological, psychological and social factors and family has a basic role in child development. The study of research literature show that children are at risk of abuse among families more than anyplace, and these physical, sexual and psychological injuries and ignorance make mental distress in child, and create maladaptive schemas and irrational thoughts on children's mind. The schemas as cognitive elements play an important role in personality organization, and the way that persons interpret their experiences.Method: This paper done by descriptive analytical method and literature study. For this, scientific databases with relevant keywords were searched and reliable scientific documents and articles were studied, analyzed, reviewed, compared, explained, and conclude.Results: Summary of the literature about early maladaptive schemas in abused children show that most of 18 early maladaptive schemas that was introduced by Jeffrey Yaung (1990) happen in abused children and each of abuses and maltreatments of parents in turn leads to formation and intensification of one or more of the domains of the early maladaptive schemas.Conclusion: Adequate planning is required in the micro and macro levels to knowing causes of the abuse, using prevention strategies, and holding educational and research programs. Also holding specialized meetings to preventing from child abuse is necessary.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare early maladaptive schemas in sex and non-sex offenders.Methods: In current descriptive post-hoc study, 45 sex offenders were selected by voluntary sampling method from Tehran Ghezel Hesar and Karaj Rajaei Shahr prisons. Forty five homogeneous non-sex offenders in terms of age, marital status, education and job were selected from Karaj detention camp. The short form of Young Schema Questionnaire was administered to both groups and the data was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and stepwise discriminate analysis.Results: The mean score of nonsex offenders for subjugation schema was higher than that of sex offenders (p=0.006). The stepwise discriminate analysis showed no difference between sex and non-sex offenders (p=0.001), though the subjugation and mistrust/ abuse schemas were the best predictor schemas of being in sex or non-sex offender groups. However, the success rates of stepwise discriminant analysis in predicting involvement in offender groups were not satisfactory.Conclusion: Due to the limited number of different schemas between the two groups, it seems that the core psychopathology and fundamental schemas for two types of sex and non-sex offence are approximately identical and except for schemas other factors affect the kind of offence.

Loneliness is a widespread phenomenon that all individuals experience in a period of their life and a serious risk factor to physical and mental health. This feeling is influenced by various factors, including cognitions and schemas. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of early maladaptive schemas in loneliness of Farhangian University students. This research is a descriptive correlational study. The research sample, including 334 students (175 girls and 159 boys), were randomly selected from the students of Arak Farhangian University. The research instruments included Young’ s Early Maladaptive Schema Scale (short form) and the California Loneliness Questionnaire (UCLA). Data were analyzed using correlation coefficient and regression analysis. The results showed that there is a positive relationship between loneliness and all schematic domains as well as all early incompatible schemas, except the schemes of “ abandonment / instability” and “ self-sacrifice” . Regression analysis also showed that the domain of “ Disconnection and Rejection” alone predicts 37% of the variance and the combination of three incompatible schemas of “ Social Isolation /Alienation “ , “ Emotional Deprivation” and “ Vulnerability “ also accounted for a total of 53. 8% of the variance of loneliness. Overall, the results showed that the feeling of loneliness is related to and strongly influenced by the initial maladaptive schemas, especially the schemas of “ Disconnection and Rejection” .